Manifestations of a Democratic and Republican State (Sec. 1, Art. II)

1. The existence of a bill of rights;

2. The observance of the rule of majority;

3. The observance of the principle that ours is a government of laws, and not of men;

4. The presence of elections through popular will;

5. The observance of the principle of separation of powers and the system of checks and balances;

6. The observance of the principle that the legislature cannot pass irrepealable laws;

7. The observance of the law on public officers; and

8. The observance of the principle that the State cannot be sued without its consent.